Should Orcas Be Kept in Captivity free essay sample

Should Orcas be Kept in Captivity? In my opinion I think orcas should not be kept in captivity because they are dangerous. They will not be kept in their natural habitat. And they get stressed from being enclosed. It is to dangerous for orcas to be kept in captivity. They are to hard to understand nobody knows what can happen. What if they go wild or something. What if they can’t control themselves. I mean they are used to doing every thing on their own. What if they get taught. What can happen. Also because they will not be kept in their natural habitat that can cause many things. Like since they know what to do alone then if we were to just like do every thing for them then they will forget to do it alone. All scientist may want is to study the orcas after that they my just let them go. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Orcas Be Kept in Captivity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page That is not right because learning about something can take years. And in that time the people will do everything for them. Then when it’s time to let them go they won’t know what to do anymore because humans did everything for it. Also because they can get stressed out when being enclosed. Nobody knows what they can do people think look that orca is so cute but dangerous. What if it gets stressed and goes on rage. What will happen now. It can do anything now that it’s crazy. What if it gets to stressed and starts hitting everything and break the window were you can see them under water. They should not be kept in captivity. Orcas should once again not be kept in captivity because they are dangerous. They won’t be in their natural habitat and forget everything. And they are stressed being enclosed.

dolphins essays

dolphins essays Dolphins and porpoises are mammals. They breathe air and give birth to living young then they suckle. They belong to the order or group of mammals called cetaceans, which include whales. Dolphins have beaklike mouths. Porpoises have bunt mouths and are smaller than dolphins. But both dolphins and porpoises are toothed whales, and their close relatives include the killer, sperm and pilot whale. Cetaceans are mammals that returned to the sea. Hind legs disappeared and were replaced by a strongly muscled tail end and flat tail or fluke. The front legs have evolved into flippers. One primitive specie- the Bouto or the river dolphin of the Amazon and other southern American rivers- has finger bones that show clearly in their flippers. Most mammalian hair has also disappeared from the streamlined body of the cetacean. The nostrils for breathing air have gradually moved to the forehead and, in the dolphins and porpoises have become one blow whole, which leads right to the lungs instead of the mouth and throat. The river living dolphins such as the Bouto must come up for air every 30 seconds, but the ocean dolphins can stay in the water for a few minutes. When they surface, a great spout of moist, used air is comes out from the blow wholes. More air is taken in, and they dive again. A dolphin or porpoise baby is born in the water. The mother and another female dolphins, which acts as a nurse, then rush into the surface for the babys first breath of air. They introduce the baby to the deeper water and longer stays under the water the first few weeks. At first they return to the surface for the baby to suckle its mothers milk. Usually only one baby is born at a time. It spends a full year feeding on milk and strays from its mother ...

Literature review- (1000 words) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature review- (1000 words) - Essay Example Recent research has focused on both bullies and victims in a number of terms but this literature review will focus on research in relation to gender and age, and the accountings for victims and bullies. There have been a number of definitions provided for bullying, and as Attwood 2004, claimed â€Å"one person’s example of bullying can be another person’s idea of entertainment.† (para.1) Olweus claimed there were two sorts of bullying – direct, wherein the victim is subjected to physical abuse, and indirect, wherein the victim suffers psychological or emotional mistreatment. (as cited in Green, 2007, para.1) Gray defined bullying as repeated damaging actions that were perhaps linked with negative intent. (as cited in Attwood, 2004, What is bullying section, para.1) Seals and Young, (2003) in their study into the occurrence and relationship of bullying to gender, age, ethnicity, self esteem and depression, experienced by seventh and eighth grade students in the northern delta region of the US, showed that there were considerably more male than female bullies, with â€Å"twice as many males identified as females identified as bullies.† (Discussion section, para.2) Delfabbro, Winefield, Tramer, Dollard, Anderson, Metzer and Hammarstrom (2006) also found, in their study into bullying by peers and teachers in secondary schools in South Australia, that boys are â€Å"more likely to be the perpetrators of bullying.† (p.72) Boys have also been found to be more violent and cause injury, therefore bullying by more overt physical means. Girls, on the other hand, tend to be more covert and devious, utilizing such means as spiteful rumour mongering and telling tales or gossiping. Delfabbro et al (2006) stated that â€Å"girls are significant ly more likely to use †¦ non-physical aggression.† (p.72) Victims of bullying are often bullied by others of the same gender; that is to say, boys are bullied by boys and girls are bullied

Macroeconomics. The Solow model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics. The Solow model - Essay Example The steady state condition is now that s*f(k) = (+n) * k:" (Introducing Population Growth). The Golden rule of Capital maximized the consumption at a steady state. This implies that the marginal product of capital net of depreciation must be equal to the technological progress and population hence growing for ever isn't possible without population and technological progress. The steady state is "c" and this is what is required. The values of steady state are substituted for both output. "(f(k*)) and investment which equals depreciation in steady state (k*) giving usc*=f(k*) - k*" (The Solow Model) 5. The Solow model is very simple and it creates a link between capital-output ratio and in addition to this it also it also creates a link between investment-depreciation ratio. All this is done in a dynamic model. "The main test for any model is how well it holds up against the data. Perhaps the biggest surprise is that despite its simplicity the Solow growth model can be applied to economic data. The results have been mixed though as Acemoglu writes in an extensive review of the literature. This is not necessarily bad news, for it points at some of the other factors that contribute to economic growth and differences across countries. One conclusion that can be drawn from the empirical literature is that cross-country differences in income per capita cannot be understood on the basis of differences in physical and human capital alone." (Solow growth Model) The economic growth is studied with this model and it has laid down a general basis for studying economic growth of an economy. The rate of capital accumulation and the rate of technological progress are two things that this model does not throw light upon and many models have been derived from the Solow model. The world is divided into capital and labour under this model and this is how the model progresses. The firms and households are treated as constants by this and the neoclassical growth model and this is rather considered a very odd feature of this model. "Now the question some may ask is to what extent economic growth is predicated on the use of non-renewable natural resources and thereby ultimately finite. Economic growth and capitalism rely on profit and not so much on production. Therefore both capitalism and economic growth are, in theory at least, reconcilable with sustainability. Differentiating between models of sustainable and unsustainable economic growth may be one of the greatest modelling challenges of the future." (Solow Growth Model) 6. In countries like Australia and Netherlands, the growth dynamics were determined predominantly by European integration. A broader study on the effect of convergence will

Reading respond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading respond - Essay Example Question 2 A business organization brings together people from diverse backgrounds and with abilities that are uniquely different. Among other organizational management skills required for an efficient management organization is the need for an effective communication system. Such a system should recognize the different abilities shown by the staff. The imminent increase in diversity at places of work have had imminent influences on organizational set ups. This has been so irrespective in terms of communication and human behavioral adaptations. The aspect of communication also entails the aspect of giving what would be defined as nonverbal communication. In this sense, it is important to acknowledge that diversity at places of work have led to obvious issues which need to be addressed if the organization setup is to remain as conventional as would be suitable for everyone involved within the organization. A) Effect on communication The imminent issues that would arise from such event ualities affect communication. These are a myriad. However, the most evident would be based on the cultural differences that people inherently have. For instance, some people are from tolerant background while it is naturally anticipated that other people would harbor intolerable traits. In handling the diversities at the places of work, it is important to a strike a balance in making everyone be comfortable with one another irrespective of the cultural or even social background. Language is a tool of communication. In every communication, it forms an important aspect since it facilitates conveyance of message. Common issues that arise in workplaces with diverse personalities are language problems. This might come from persons having intolerable speech impediments or even plain miscommunications due to language issues. People need to be enlightened on the issues that exist in the workplace. Through that, prejudices and misconceptions would be overcome. Consequently, such moves would aid communication in immeasurable ways. B) Nonverbal communication entails using means or platforms which are not audible. These involve using platforms of communication which might be including signs, gestures, or even written notes. In an organization with a diverse background, there are bound to be issues in communication using the nonverbal platform. In such circumstances, communication might be hindered by such issues as levels of technological sophistication. This comes from the fact that there are those persons within the diverse workforce who might have least exposure to technology compared to others. For instance, the older generation would find it hard to communicate with the younger workmates through social media and other similar platforms. Consequently, it is important to bridge the gap between the two groups to aid effective coexistence and effective communication (Gibson 148). Other forms of communication such as gestures might be influenced by cultural backgrounds. This insinuates that people of different cultural backgrounds at a diverse place of work might have unique interpretations to different gestures. For instance, a facial gesture from one employee might insinuate a different meaning altogether to another employee. In such circumstances, such communication might be hampered. Besides, gender and religion also play an important role in gestures as forms of communication amongst the employees of diverse origin. For instance, a gesture to female employee

Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma

Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma and its paraneoplastic manifestations: Review Abstract:  Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare neoplasm arising from dendritic cells. The paraneoplastic phenomena are an underreported aspect of FDCS. Here we present a case report of FDCS presenting with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and have done a detailed review of all its paraneoplastic manifestations. Follicular Dendritic Cell Sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare malignancy, which arises from the follicular dendritic cells. It was first described by Monda et al who describes a series of 4 cases(1). Being a relatively new entity, its classification remains a subject of controversy. It has been variously described as lymphoma, sarcoma and histiocytic neoplasm. It has been grouped under histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms by the WHO 2008 classification(2) There is considerable under-reporting of this[G1] entity as it usually presents with unremarkable clinical and radiological features. It is not uncommon to misdiagnose these cases as lymphoma due to many similarities in the morphological features between the two entities. With the emergence of modern immunohistochemistry, the dendritic cell lineage can be confirmed and therefore, there is increasing recognition of this group of disorders. Since the first description in 1986, nearly 350 cases of FDCS have been reported(3) including 11 cases from our country(4) FDCS generally presents as a slow growing, well circumscribed painless mass with a median size of 5 cm(2).   Constitutional symptoms are not usually seen at presentation.   Young to middle-aged adults are affected, without any sex predilection. Over fifty percent of the cases are nodal with cervical and axillary lymph nodes being the most common sites(2). The common extranodal sites include tonsils, nasopharynx, palate,entire gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, peritoneum, and lungs.Computerized[G2]Tomography (CT) scan typically shows morphological aspects of an expansive mass with an increasingly inhomogeneous enhancement, directly proportional to lesion size (due to central necrosis, hemorrhage, and cystic changes with a patchy pattern) (5)[G3] Local recurrence in FDCS is more likely than distant metastasis. More than 50% of the cases recur locally after wide local excision while only 25% cases develop distant metastasis.   FDCS is considered as a low-grade malignancy by some while others consider it as an intermediate-grade malignancy[G4](6, 7). Liu et al have proposed [G5]histological criteria for grading the tumor and assessing the risk of recurrence.[G6](8). [G7][G8] Variations in clinical behavior of FDCS are described in the literature.   At one end of the spectrum, FDCS presenting with multifocal abdominal or pelvic mass behaves like an aggressive tumor (13) on the other hand, FDCS of the liver and spleen presents like an inflammatory pseudotumor and usually has a female predominance. (3) Castlemans disease has been found to be associated with FDCS in a few patients(9-11). It has been proposed that the dysplastic changes and FDC proliferation which occur in Castlemans disease may act as the nidus from which FDCS can evolve.(12)Ebstein-Barr Virus has also been described in association with FDCS especially when the liver or spleen is involved.   CD21 expression on the FDC cells has been suggested to be the entry point for EBV in affected cells.(7) FDCS has also been reported to be associated with secondary amyloidosis(13) FDCS mostly arises within lymphoid follicles and has a known association with Castlemans disease. Hence it was postulated that it arises from lymphoid precursors. But studies by Krautler et al suggest that they may arise from prevascular stomal precursor cells, which express platelet-derived growt[G9]h factor beta(14) FDCS has a distinct picture on histopathology a storiform arrangement of spindle-shaped cells with elongated nuclei, delicate, dispersed chromatin and pale eosinophilic cytoplasm. Lymphocytes are seen scattered among the tumor cells and they may also be seen gathered around blood vessels,creating a cuffing pattern. Another characteristic pattern is a concentric whorl.FDCS is specifically immunopositive to CD21, CD35, and/or CD23, vimentin, fascin, HLA-DR, EMA, D2-40, clusterin, and CXCL13. It shows variable positivity to CD68, CD45, CD3, and CD20.[G10](7) a unique point in IHC of FDCS is expression of clusterin which is almost always strongly positive , while in other dendritic cell neoplasms, this marker is weakly positive.(13) Surgical excision of the tumor has been attempted in well circumscribed FDCS. Although some reports suggest that they recur soon afterward(15). Pooled data analysis confirms that surgery remains a good option for localized disease(3, 16). In view of the rarity of FDCS, there is no standard chemotherapeutic regimen for the same. Both lymphoma and sarcoma directed therapies have been tried.   CHOP regimen is one of the commonly used with variable results. [G11][G12]CHOP therapy has been postulated to have an indirect action on FDCS by some authors. It has been postulated that CHOP therapy depletes the B lymphocytes leading to a reduction in the growth factors for FDCS[G13](17). Other regimens which have been tried include ABVD, EPOCH, ICE, and cisplatin/epirubicin(13). Gemcitabine and cisplatin in combination with imatinib(18)and single-agent rituximab[G14]are the other reported regimens with some activity against FDCS(19).[G15][G16] Case Report A 60-year-old female presented with 2 months history of easy fatiguability[G17] and low-grade fever. She was detected to have severe anemia[G18] and mild icterus with difficulty in blood cross matching at a local hospital. She was referred to our institute for further evaluation. General examination revealed marked pallor and generalized lymphadenopathy. The liverwas palpable 5 cm below right costal margin and the spleen was palpable 6 cm below left costal margin. Laboratory evaluation revealed Coombs positive hemolytic anemia, which partially responded to steroid therapy. Her Lymph node excision biopsy showed diffuse effacement of nodal architecture with multiple fascicles of spindle cells traversing the lymph node and wrapping around the pre-existing vessels admixed with many eosinophils and plasma cells (Figure 1a-c). Immunohistochemistry for CD20, CD3, S100, CD 45 and PD-1 were negative, whereas CD23 showed strong membranous positivity in these spindle cells (Figure 1d-i).   Th e histopathological examination was suggestive of Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. Due to the disseminated involvement by FDCS and associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia, she was treated with CHOP chemotherapy. Both disease and anemia responded to therapy. There are numerous case reports of FDCS presenting with similar paraneoplastic manifestations. They are reviewed below.[G19][G20] Paraneoplastic manifestations of FDCS Paraneoplastic manifestations are a constellation of signs and symptoms that are not directly caused by the malignancy(20). All paraneoplastic manifestations reported with FDCS are of an autoimmune nature. Although they appear similar to classic autoimmune diseases, paraneoplastic autoimmune disorders tend to be more aggressive. Their management too is centered in part on the underlying malignancy (AI) A systematic search was performed on Medline and the paraneoplastic manifestations reported with FDCS in English Literature were identified. (table 1) I. Paraneoplastic Pemphigus (PNP) PNP usually presents secondary to an underlying malignancy, mainly Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia, Non Hodgkins Lymphoma, Thymoma and Castlemans disease(21). PNP is the most commonly reported paraneoplastic manifestation with FDCS. There are 22 cases reports in English literature till date. While axillary and cervical lymphadenopathy is the most common presentation of FDCS, PNP has been reported mostly with retroperitoneal FDCS.   The clinical course of PNP is at variation with the relatively benign course of FDCS and most authors have reported death soon after detection of PNP.   An association with the hyaline vascular variant of [G21]Castlemans disease has been described in 27% of these cases. Reports of other malignancies associated with paraneoplastic syndromes suggest that it is associated with an antitumor response. The underlying malignancy remained undetectable for up to a year after the paraneoplastic syndrome first manifested due to this effect. It has been suggested that the immune response against the paraneoplastic antigen in the tumor, slows down the growth of the tumor(22). The status of FDCS is not in remission in most of the available reports.   Thus, there is no evidence to suggest an antitumor effect in patients presenting with PNP. Resection of the underlying FDCS along with oral steroids for the PNP has been the usual treatment, but there are 2 reports of usage of higher immunosuppression to successfully control the PNP(18, 23). II.Myasthenia Gravis (MG) Seven cases of myasthenia gravis have been reported in literature till date. One case was also reported to be associated with Castlemans disease Interestingly, four of the seven cases also had paraneoplastic pemphigus. A similar presentation has been reported with another malignancy involving the immune system. Thymoma has a well-known association with MG. Less commonly, it has also been reported with PNP and there is even a report of Thymoma presenting with both MG and PNP. The authors have suggested that the linkage is indirect, through a triad, which also includes the tumor rather than a direct relation. [G22][G23][G24][G25] A similar linkage may explain the cases of FDCS with MG and PNP. Alternatively, CD which [G26]has known association with both these conditions could be the missing link[G27](24-26). But among available literature, there was no evidence of CD with FDCS and MG in all but one case.[G28][G29][G30] The treatment has been IV immunoglobulin, pyridostigmine, and steroids. Most of the authors have reported a good response to therapy with no mortality.[G31][G32] This is in resonance with the findings of MG with other disorders. Thymoma associated with MG is found to have a better prognosis than thymoma without MG. This has partly been attributed to earlier detection of the disease(27) III. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia AIHA is a well-known phenomenon in lymphoproliferative disorders. Among the solid organ cancers, a majority of the available literature is with Kaposi sarcoma, lung, kidney and colorectal ca[G33]ncers. It may occur prior to, concurrent with cancer or well after the end of [G34]treatment (28). Two different responses to therapy have been documented with paraneoplastic AIHA. Some cases are steroid resistant and respond to treatment of the primary malignancy. While, AIHA present along with metastatic[G35] cancers are usually steroid responsive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [G36] A search of the literature revealed that [G37]ours is only the second case of AIHA with FDCS reported. Conry et al. had reported a 36-year-old African-[G38][G39]American[G40] female who had presented with AIHA not responding to steroids or splenectomy. She presented 1 year later with the abdominal lump which was diagnosed as FDCS. She did not respond to radiotherapy alone but had a good response to chemotherapy with gemcitabine and docetax[G41]el(17). Experience in this case and our case may be insufficient to label AIHA as a paraneoplastic manifestation of FDCS, but several plausible mechanisms of occurrence of AIHA exist in patients of FDCS. And FDCS has known association with other autoimmune paraneoplastic syndromes. So with increased awareness of this association, we hope that more such cases will be documented. [G42][G43] Proposed mechanisms for development of autoimmunity[G44] Castlemans disease is known to be associated with PNP. Several authors have suggested that a preexisting Castlemans may be the cause of PNP in cases of FDCS. Maverakis et al divide paraneoplastic autoimmune disorders broadly into 3 categories:   (i) Disruption of central tolerance, (ii) peripheral immune dysregulation and   (iii) alteration of self-antigens[G45](29). The mechanisms proposed for the occurrence of paraneoplastic phenomena in FDCS are so varied that we could find at least one hypothesis under each of these three headings.[G46] Disruption of Central tolerance 1.Hartert et al and Kim et al have reported immature T cell proliferation, which is not characteristic of FDCS, in those presenting with Myasthenia Gravis. The resulting immune dysregulation may be lead to paraneoplastic phenomena (30, 31). 2. Spreading epitope phenomenon states that cytokines produced by the tumor induce immunoglobulin production, which in turn leads to paraneoplastic phenomena(32). [G47] Peripheral immune dysregulation[G48] 1. B7 is a ligand which required for activation of T cells. Most antigen presenting cells have a low expression of B7 ligand, the only exception being the dendritic cell. The B7 expression on NHL cells[G49] has been proposed as the mechanism underlying autoimmune phenomena seen in them(29). FDCS which arises from dendritic cells may also have a similar mechanism. Alteration of self-antigens[G50] 1.Antibodies directed against the tumor may cross-react with epiderm[G51]al antigens in the case of PNP(32). Shared antigens between FDCS and erythrocytes like CD 35 may be the link in case of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Conclusion The paraneoplastic phenomena are an underreported aspect of FDCS. The clinical scenario is not uniform among all FDCS with paraneoplastic phenomena. While PNP is associated with poor prognosis, the available reports on AIHA and MG suggest a relatively benign course. There are only 2 cases of AIHA reported with FDCS. Although the mechanism for the development of AIHA in FDCS has been proposed, there is a possibility that it is simply a [G52]case of 2 unrelated diseases occurring together.   In the times to come, better recognition of this entity amongst pathologists may lead to an identification of a larger number of patients. Thereby our understanding of this rare neoplasm and its even rare[G53][G54]r complication of PNS will improve Table I: Case reports of FDCS with Para Neoplastic Pemphigus No Year Age/Sex Castleman Location of FDCS Therapy given Interval to PNP Status of FDCS when PNP occurred Outcome and comments Ref. 1 1999 66/M + Abdominal Surgery 480 months Post-excision[G55] Died after 8 days (9) 2 2004 64/F Abdominal Surgery 18 months No Alive at 7m (33) 3 2005 32/M + NA Surgery + Chemo NA Not in remission Died at 3m (10) 4 2005 27/F Abdominal NA NA NA NA (34) 5 6 2005 53/F + Abdominal Surgery Simultaneous Not in remission Died at 1 year (35) 7 2008 60/M Lung Nil Simultaneous Post-excision[G56] Died at 6m (19) 8 2008 67/M Abdominal Surgery 1 months Post-excision Relapse at 12m MG+ (36) 9 2010 68/M Abdominal Surgery 1 month Post-excision Died at 24m MG + (31) 10 2011 NA NA NA NA NA Relapsed (11) 11 2011 NA + NA NA NA NA NA (11) 12 2011 NA + NA NA NA NA NA (11) 13 2012 39/F NA Surgery NA NA Alive at 60m (37) 14 2012 67/M NA Surgery Simultaneous Post-excision Died after 21m MG + (37) 15 2012 68/M Abdominal Surgery Simultaneous Post-excision Died at 3m Synchronous thyroid and renal cancer (38) 16 2013 61/F + Abdominal + multiple sites Surgery + Chemo 36 months Not in remission Died (39) 17 2013 28/M + Abdominal Chemo Simultaneous Not in remission NA (40) 18 2013 20/M + Rt pelvis Chemo simultaneous Not in remission Died at 1m (41) 19 2014 46/F Liver Surgery + Chemo 6 months Not in remission Died at 12m (23) 20 2014 20/M Rt parahilar Surgery + Chemo Nil Post-excision Alive at 12m (42) 21 2015 26/F + NA NA NA NA Alive MG+ (43) Case reports of FDCS with Myasthenia Gravis No Year Age/Sex Castleman Location of FDCS Therapy given Interval to MG Status of FDCS when MG occurred Outcome and comments Ref. 1 2008 67/M Abdominal Surgery 1 months Post-excision Relapse at 12 m PNP+ (36) 2 2010 68/M Abdominal Surgery Simultaneous Post-excision Died at 24m PNP+ (31) 3 2010 39/F Mediastinal Surgery 36 months prior to FDCS Not in remission NA (30) 4 2010 72/F + Mediastinal Surgery 7 months prior to FDCS Not in remission Alive at 8m (25) 5 2011 59/F Axillary Surgery 1.5 months Post-excision NA (44) 6 2012 67/M NA Surgery Simultaneous Post-excision Died after 21m PNP+ (37) 7 2015 26/F + NA NA NA NA Alive PNP+ (43) Case reports of FDCS with Auto Immune Hemolytic Anemia No Year Age/Sex Castleman <

St. Boniface Essay -- Christian saints

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Boniface, originally named Winfrith, was an extremely studious man, a converted monk, priest, missionary and finally martyr. Born in 672, near Exeter, England, St. Boniface at an early age developed a desire to follow the path of God and live a monastic life. Through non-stop prayer and religious practices, he tuned his mind and body to reach beyond the obstacles and enticements of everyday life at his young adult age. He was a major influence on society during his life and affected the lives and history of Germany permanently. Often called the â€Å"Apostle of Germany†, St. Boniface was a strong believer in the principles of the Church and truly wanted to open any pagan believers minds to the knowledgeable and rewarding path of the Christian life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his youth, St. Boniface encountered many priests or clerics who traveled from town to town. Through these spiritual conversations, it became evident to St. Boniface that he wanted to pursue a life with God. Eventually, after continuos begging and his fathers fatal sickness, he was sent to the care of the Monastery of Examchester. (Appleton) It is here, that St. Boniface expressed to the Abbot at the time, that he wanted to live a monastic life. The father of the monastery, after council, granted him his wish. Here is where the saint began to prove his love for God, and could begin his journey of the Christian life. After exceeding all expectations and surpassing the knowledge of his teachers, he moved to a neighboring monastery, called Nursling, whereby he studied under the influence of Abbot Winbert.(St. Boniface Church) Here he gained vast knowledge of scriptures and the spiritual exposition of the Bible. Here, he gained such a reputation that men and women f rom far and wide traveled to study scriptures under his guidance. At the age of 30 he was humbly ordained a priest and yet another branch of his life was fulfilled.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  St. Boniface once again yearned to explore and travel. Through such ventures he could express the meaning of God to non believers and convert as many as possible. After continuos begging, Abbot Winbert gave in and Boniface’s petition was granted. During this journey, Boniface’s first obstacle appeared. â€Å"King Radbod, the King of the Frisians, and Prince Charles, the noble Duke of the Franks broke out in ... ...spread their religion and did not stop until their death. It is interesting to find out that there were people like that , that dedicated so much of their lives for a cause. I am sure other saints accomplished as much as St. Boniface, but to my knowledge, he seemed like the most active and aggressive. He not only prayed for change, he went out and made it happen. He took journey’s that lasted years, traveled aimlessly at times, from one ship to another converting pagans and spreading the word as he went along. He even went on these missions in his elder years, though dangerous for his age, he continued until his death. Work Cited Page   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appleton, Robert. â€Å"New Advent.† St. Boniface. 3 November 2004 . Dunney, Joseph. â€Å"Church History, St. Boniface† Catholic Information Network. 20 March 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Garnett, Ken. â€Å"Medieval Church.org.uk† St. Boniface . St. Boniface Church. â€Å"So-Who was St. Boniface?† St. Boniface Church. 2002-2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Talbot, C.H. The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1954.

Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 practice test 1. Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus? Answer: pharynx 2. The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is: Answer: ingestion 3. Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes: Answer: muscular inhibition and relaxation 4. Which of the following statements about peritonitis is false? Answer: It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. 5. Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? Answer: submucosa 6. Strong contractions of the ascending and transverse colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called: Answer: mass peristalsis 7. Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme? Answer: 1. parotid glands 2. sublingual glands 8. Which of the following is not a function of saliva? Answer: initial digestion of proteins 9. The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include: Answer: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the: Answer: bicuspids 11. The three phases of deglutition are: Answer: buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal 12. On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the: Answer: oropharynx and laryngopharynx 13. The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the: Answer: pharyngeal constrictor muscles 14. Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the: Answer: laryngopharynx 15. The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that: Answer: prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus 16. The contractions of the stomach are inhibited by: Answer: secretin 17. Which of the following is secreted by the stomach? Answer: gastrin 18. The division of the small intestine that contains the Brunner glands is the: Answer: duodenum 19. An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is: Answer: disaccharidase 20. Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the: Answer: cystic duct 21. The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is: Answer: cholecystokinin 22. The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the: Answer: taenia coli 23. The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa? Answer: lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are: Answer: biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K 25. Which of the following organic nutrients are not absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi? Answer: lipids 26. The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are: Answer: water, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by: Answer: the stomach 28. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to: Answer: facilitate lipid digestion 29. The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by: Answer: facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms 30. When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the: Answer: higher concentration of solutes 31. An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the: Answer: larynx 32. Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation due to the presence of: Answer: pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets 33. The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is: Answer: friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective 34. Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach? Answer: A and B. a. fundus. b. body 35. The two factors that play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine are: Answer: stomach distension and gastrin release 36. The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for: Answer: increased total surface area for absorption 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones: Answer: cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the: Answer: small intestine 39. The primary function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to: Answer: all of the above. a. moisten the chyme. b. assist in buffering acids. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and products of digestion 40. An immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peri staltic activity in all segments of the small intestine are a result of the: Answer: gastroenteric reflex 41. The primary effect of secretin is to cause a(n): Answer: increase in secretion of water and buffers by the pancreas and the liver 42. The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is: Answer: GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum? Answer: The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the: Answer: ileocecal valve 45. Which produces the least number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis? Answer: large intestine 46. The average composition of the fecal waste material is: Answer: 75% water; 5% bacteria; 20% indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains 47. The hormone gastrin: Answer: increases the activity of parietal and chief cells 48. The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are: Answer: stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic system 49. The ‘doorway to the liver' (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the: Answer: bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery 50. Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a: Answer: chylomicron End of chapter Questions 1. The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called: †¢ (d)chemical digestion. 2. The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the: †¢(a)serosa. 3. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are the: †¢ (d)mesenteries. 4. A branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and tributary of the bile duct form †¢ (c)a portal area. 5. Label the digestive system structures in the following figure. a) oral cavity, teeth, tongue; (b) liver; (c) gallbladder; (d) pancreas; (e) large intestine; (f) salivary glands; (g) pharynx; (h) esophagus; (i) stomach; (j) small intestine; (k) anus 6. Label the four layers of the digestive tract in the following figure. (a) mucosa; (b) submucosa; (c) muscularis externa; (d) serosa 7. Most of the digestive tract is lined by ___________ epithelium. e. simple columnar. 8. Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive material are called: (a. )segmentation. 9. Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of: (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. Label the three segments of the small intestine in the following figure. (a) duodenum; (b) jejunum; (c) ileum. 11. The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are): (a. )reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. (b. )absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action. (c. )storage of fecal material prior to defecation. (d. )a, b, and c. 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are: (c)vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid. 13. The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by: (a. ) brush border enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What are the six steps of digestion? Digestion involves (1. ) ingestion; (2. ) mechanical processing; (3. ) secretion; (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells); (5. ) absorption; and (6. ) excretion. 15. Name and describe the layers of the digestive tract, proceeding from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. Layers of the digestive tract are (1. ) the mucosa: the epithelial layer that performs chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients; (2. the submucosa: the connective tissue layer containing lymphatic and blood vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus; (3. ) the muscularis externa: the smooth muscle layer containing the myenteric nerve plexus; and (4. ) the serosa: the outermost layer, epithelium and connective tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or connective tissue that forms the adventitia). 16. What three basic mechanisms reg ulate the activities of the digestive tract? Activities of the digestive tract are regulated by neural, hormonal, and local mechanisms. 17. What are the three phases of swallowing, and how are they controlled? The three phases of swallowing—the buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases—are controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata via the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. The motor commands originating at the swallowing center are distributed by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. Along the esophagus, primary peristaltic contractions are coordinated by afferent and efferent fibers within the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves, but secondary peristaltic contractions occur in the absence of CNS instructions. 8. What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder? The pancreas provides digestive enzymes, plus bicarbonate ions that elevate the pH of the chyme. The liver produces bile and is also the primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which contains additional buffe rs and bile salts that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. 19. Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions? The hormones include the following: enterocrinin, which stimulates the submucosal glands of the duodenum; secretin, which stimulates the pancreas and liver to increase the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions; cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an increase in the release of pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum, inhibits gastric activity, and appears to have CNS effects that reduce the sensation of hunger; gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and the activity of the duodenal submucosal glands; vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach; gastrin, which is secreted by G cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins; and, in small quantities, motilin, which stimulates intestinal contractions, villikinin, which promotes the movement of villi and associat ed lymph flow, and somatostatin, which inhibits gastric secretion. 20. What are the three primary functions of the large intestine? The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts the intestinal contents into feces, absorbs important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material prior to defecation. 21. What two positive feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex? Positive feedback loops in the defecation reflex involve (1. ) stretch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum, moving feces toward the anus; and (2. the sacral parasympathetic system, also activated by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via motor commands distributed by the pelvic nerves. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord. (e. )only a and b occur. 23. Increased parasy mpathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in: (e. )none of these. 24. A drop in pH below 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon drill to perform a root canal (removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth)? A root canal involves drilling through the enamel and the dentin. 26. How is the epithelium of the stomach protected from digestion? The stomach is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial lining and by neural and hormonal control over the times and rates of acid secretion. 27. How does each of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control? (1. ) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion egins with the sight or thought of food. Directed by the CNS, this phase prepares the stomach to receive food. (2. ) The gastric phase begins with the arrival of food in the stomach; this phase is initiated by distension of the stomach, an incre ase in the pH of the gastric contents, and the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. (3. ) The intestinal phase begins when chyme starts to enter the small intestine. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying and ensures that the secretory, digestive, and absorptive functions of the small intestine can proceed reasonably efficiently. 8. Nutritionists have found that after a heavy meal, the pH of blood increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach. What causes this â€Å"postenteric alkaline tide†? After a heavy meal, bicarbonate ions pass from the parietal cells of the stomach into the extracellular fluid, causing the pH of the extracellular fluid to rise. As the extracellular fluid exchanges ions with the blood, the blood pH also increases. 29. Some people with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur? If a gallstone is small enough, it can pass through the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then cannot reach the small intestine. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and ultimately the exocrine pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. Harry is suffering from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his urine is much darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him? The darker color of his urine is probably due to increased amounts of the pigment urobilin, which gives urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestine by the action of intestinal bacteria on bile pigments. In an intestinal obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger-than-normal amount diffuses into the blood, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A condition known as lactose intolerance is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea. The cause of the problem is an inability to digest the milk sugar, lactose. How would this cause the observed signs and symptoms? If an individual cannot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence of extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less water is reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. This gas overstretches the intestine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combination of more-fluid contents and increased peristalsis causes diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas, which is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria, causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more people have turned to surgery to help them lose weight. One form of weight control surgery involves stapling a portion of the stomach shut, creating a smaller volume. How would such a surgery result in weight loss? The primary effect of such surgeries would be a reduction in the volume of food (and thus in the amount of calories) consumed because the person feels full after eating a small amount. This can result in significant weight loss. CheckPoints Page 882 1. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. List and define the six primary functions of the digestive system. The six primary functions of the digestive system include the following: (1) ingestion = consciously eating food; (2) mechanical processing = crushing and shearing foodstuffs to make them more susceptible to enzymatic attack; (3) digestion = the chemical breakdown of food into smaller products for absorption; (4) secretion = the release of water, acids, and other substances by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs; (5) absorption = movement of digested particles across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract; and (6) excretion = the removal of waste products from the body. . What is the importance of the mesenteries? The mesenteries—sheets consisting of two layers of serous membrane separated by loose connective tissue—support and stabilize the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. Name the layers of the gastrointestinal t ract from superficial to deep. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from superficial to deep, are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa (adjacent to the lumen). 5. Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another: peristalsis or segmentation? The waves of contractions that constitute peristalsis are more efficient in propelling intestinal contents than segmentation, which is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis? A drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, which increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract, would slow peristalsis. Page 888 7. Name the structures associated with the oral cavity. Structures associated with the oral cavity include the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. 8. Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection against friction or abrasion by foodstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be affected by damage to the parotid salivary glands? Damage to the parotid salivary glands, which secrete the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would interfere with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10. Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of relatively rigid foods? The incisors are the teeth best suited for chopping (or cutting or shearing) pieces of relatively rigid food, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where exactly in the human body is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx. 12. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as part of the swallowing process. 13. Identify the muscles associated with the pharynx. Muscles associated with the pharynx are pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatal muscles. Page 890 14. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the esophagus. 15. Compared to other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an unusual segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length of the esophagus and (2) is surrounded by an adventitia rather than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes? When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes, swallowing (deglutition) is occurring. Page 897 17. Name the four major regions of the stomach. The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. 18. Discuss the significance of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an acidic environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach? Large (especially protein-containing) meals stimulate increased stomach acid secretion. Because the hydrogen ions of stomach acid come from blood entering the stomach, blood leaving the stomach will have fewer hydrogen ions and thus a higher pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the alkaline tide. 20. When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are sometimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. Why might this be an effective treatment? The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not present in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that supply the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby reduce the likelihood of ulcer formation. Page 910 21. Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients? The small intestine has several adaptations that increase its surface area and thus its absorptive capacity. The walls of the small intestine are thrown into folds, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms fingerlike projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by small fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the small intestine has a very rich supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which transport the nutrients that are absorbed. 23. Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin in the blood? A high-fat meal would raise the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among other things, stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the small intestine did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas? Damage to the exocrine pancreas would most impair the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary source of lipases. Even though such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are produced by other digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the small intestine (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). Page 916 26. Identify the four regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. 27. What are some major histological differences between the large intestine and the small intestine? The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an abundance of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. Differentiate between haustral churning and mass movements. In mass movements, which occur a few times per day throughout the transverse colon and the distal portions of the large intestine, strong peristaltic contractions move material along the length of the colon. In haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra. Page 921 29. What kinds of nutrients does the body require? Nutrients required by the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are formed from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach? Removal of the stomach would interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a process that requires intrinsic factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? When an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes faster than they can be replaced, the resulting dehydration can be fatal. Although constipation can be quite uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes; the few toxic waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys. Page 922 33. Identify general digestive system changes that occur with aging. General age-related digestive system changes include decreased secretory mechanisms, decreased gastric and intestinal motility, decreased mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone; cumulative damage becomes more apparent, cancer rates increase, and dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. Identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium absorption? The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may all be affected by inadequate absorption of calcium. Review Questions Labeling 1. Label the following histological structures of the digestive tract from the image of the small intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the terms with the appropriate regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 oblique muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 central vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 bile duct F. 3. 4 bile canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. Matching 1. Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by matc hing them (1) through (6): Bile canaliculi Bile ductules Right and left hepatic ducts Common hepatic ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct 2. Match the following cells and glands with their correct products: 2. Parietal cell HCl 2. 2Chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: 3. 1 Proteins to short-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids Exopeptidase 3. 3trypsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . Lactase 4. Match the following intestinal hormones to their correct functions: 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric inhibitory peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. 5. Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: 5. 1Mastication of food . Teeth 5. 2Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach . Esophagus . 3Bulk storage of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor . Stomach 5. 4Digestion and absorption of nutrients . Small intestine 5. 5Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter . Large intestine 5. 6 Temporary storage of fecal matter . Rectum Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract? Answer: a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Excretion d. Absorption 2. From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is Answer: erosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the Answer: myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called Answer: peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the Answer: greater omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum Answer: a. connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists. 7. Incisors are used for Answer: lipping or cutting. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for Answer: to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus. 9. Which of the following is a function of the stomach? Answer: a. Mechanical breakdown of food b. Production of intrinsic factor 10. Chief cells secrete Answer: pepsinogen. 11. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called Answer: rugae. 12. When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? Answer: Cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches Answer: re lymphoid nodules located in the ileum. 14. The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the Answer: plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus. Answer: Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility Answer: along the entire length of the small intestine. 17. Sympathetic stimulation Answer: inhibits submucosal glands. 18. Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce Answer: a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. Pancreatic juice is Answer: alkaline. 20. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Answer: Immunologic regulation 21. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the Answer: a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. Bile acts as a(n) Answer: emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex Answer: a. involves long and short reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria? Answer: a. Biotin b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by Answer: iffusion. True and False 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer: True As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth. Answer: False Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach trigge rs the release of CCK. Answer: False CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of fatty acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli. Answer: True Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra; how do the haustra expand and elongate? 5. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. Answer: False The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. Fill In the Blank 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. 2. Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ Peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. 4. The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ intrinsic factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. Multiple Choice 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the Answer: ubmucosa. 2. Each of the following products of digestion is taken up by capillaries in the small intestine except one. Identify the exception. Answer: Chylomicrons 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the teeth? Answers: Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called ce mentum covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? Answer: Parotid glands . Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing? Answer: Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition Answer: the larynx elevates and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the following statements is false concerning aging and the digestive system? Answer: Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water. 8. Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme? Answer: Pepsinogen 9. Which of the following statements is false regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver? Answer: Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? Answer: 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex Answer: parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception. Answer: Amylase 13. Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called Answer: micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? Answer: Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum. 15. Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss? Answer: Jejunum The jejunum is responsible for the majority of chemical digest ion and nutrient absorption. Section 2: Concept Review Now let's see what you have learned about Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and two possible answers. Then I will pause while you consider the choices and select your answer. After a few seconds, I will give you the correct answer with an explanation. Question 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) mechanical or B) chemical? The answer is B) chemical. Mechanical digestion involves mixing, churning, and chewing. Question 2 What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The answer is B) segmentation. Peristalsis is the movement of food forward through the digestive tract. Question 3 Where does major absorption of food substances occur? Is it in A) the stomach or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Question 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The answer is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. Question 5 Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) apical or B) basal? The answer is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. Question 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The answer is B) micelles. Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. Question 7 Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The answer is A) the duodenum. As the food enters the small intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile also enter at the duodenum Question 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to ninety-five percent of the water entering the digestive tract is absorbed here. That's the end of this section. Section 3: Rapid Review Now we will do a quick set of review questions on Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. After a brief pause, I will give you the correct answer. Let's start with some true or false questions. Question 1 True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder. Answer: False Question 2 True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. Answer: True Question 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. Answer: False Okay, now let's try some multiple choice questions. Question 4 Which substance is absorbed through the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharides or B) nucleic acids? Answer: A) monosaccharides Question 5 What is the term for breaking down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? Answer: B) emulsification Great! Now let's try some short answer questions. Question 6 Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? Answer: The pancreas Question 7 Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? Answer: The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer: In the mouth That's the end of this section.

Literary Analysis on Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” Essay

Shirley Jackson bewildered the world when her short story â€Å"The Lottery† was published in The New Yorker magazine. The piece got a great deal of negative reaction for its shocking and gruesome story. Readers didn’t know what or why Shirley Jackson wrote this piece. She said she wanted to show the story with a â€Å"graphic dramatization of the pointless violence and general inhumanity in their own lives.† She wrote a piece about a town that continues the tradition of killing one person each year for no reason other than tradition. The theme is to show how easily a village of friends and family can follow ways of others, even if it is cruel and unusual. In this short story, she displays the theme with the use of irony of setting, situational irony, and verbal irony. The detailed description in the short story helps to build up an unexpected ending. When the story begins to introduce the setting of the book it reads, â€Å"The morning of June 27th was clear an d sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full summer day†¦.† The way the author writes it makes the readers feel like the story is going to take place in a happy environment and something good is going to happen. That may seem the case but as the reader continues to read, the story is actually talking about winning a death. This irony of setting illustrates the happy environment that they seem to live in, but that is not the case once the â€Å"winner† of the lottery is stoned to death. Readers may think Mrs. Hutchinson will not get chosen due to her positive attitude, but the story shows that is not the case at all. Mrs. Hutchinson acts like the drawing is not a big deal when she shows up late saying, â€Å"Clean forgot what day it was,† and â€Å"Wouldn’t have me leave m’dishes in the sink, now would you, Joe?.† She acts as if she wants to hurry up the process and get back to doing what she was doing. Mrs. Hutchinson has this attitude that she has nothing to worry about, yet it is her who ends up â€Å"win ning† the lottery. The situational irony shows that readers may think that the lottery is no big deal, but in fact it leads to a pointless death. The title of the short story is very misleading at first. The title â€Å"The Lottery† would make anyone assume the story is going to be about winning some money or some big prize. In the short story, Shirley Jackson wrote, â€Å"The lottery was conducted—as were the square dances, the teenage club, the Halloween program†¦.† She makes  the readers sense that the lottery is a normal thing and something good will come from it. That is the exact opposite of what the author is portraying. To win the lottery in the stories â€Å"village,† is to get beaten to death with stones by all the people in the community. The verbal irony is when the author shows that winning the lottery is winning a death by your friends and family, compared to the readers who speculate that the lottery will be something good. Shirley Jackson shows the readers how easily friends and family turn on one another because of tradition. She states the irony of setting by stimulating a good, happy environment, but it turns out to be a dramatic day. With the verbal irony, no one actually wins something; someone ends up losing their life instead. In situational irony, the author shows how someone can blame others for their own mistakes. All of her different types of irony end up making â€Å"The Lottery† a very dramatic short story. Works Cited â€Å"Shirley Jackson.† Shirley Jackson and â€Å"The Lottery† N.p., n.d. Web. 04 June 2014.

Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day Essay Example

Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day Essay Example Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day Essay Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day Essay Essay Topic: Poetry The first of the two poems, Wordsworths Daffodils is about a man remembering that some daffodils cheered him up one day. The poem starts off with the person being described as a cloud and how he slowly joins a host of golden daffodils. But the reader does not know at first that this poem is actually a memory until further down in the poem. Throughout the poem Wordsworth refers back to the daffodils and makes a connection with other things like them such as stars. Wordsworth also depicts how the daffodils dance. In the last verse the reader finally finds out that the poem is a recollection. Whilst the second of the two poems, Miracle on St. Davids Day written by Gillian Clarke is about a mentally ill patient reciting Wordsworths Daffodils in front of a crowd of other patients and daffodils. From the title Miracle on St. Davids Day it is revealed to the reader what this poem is about. It is obvious that a miracle is the main point of the poem, meaning something holy yet unexpected. The poem starts off in a very positive setting among the cedars and enormous oaks but by the second verse the reader finds out that Clarke is, in reality, describing an Insane Asylum. The poet describes herself reading poetry to the insane as she does a huge and mild man recites Wordsworths Daffodils with no emotion the memory of the poem is perfect but the sound isnt because he hadnt spoken in a long time. He recites the poem in front of the other patients and ten thousand daffodils outside. Both these poems have the theme of memory and daffodils but each are represented in a different way. In the first line of Daffodils Wordsworth describes himself as a cloud, wandering lonely. The verb and adverb tell us that the cloud isnt moving very fast and that the cloud is a distance from everything else. This is also personification because the cloud could also be a person outcast by society, for example Wordsworth could be trying to describe his own experience. In the second line of the verse the poet uses another slow verb floats. Half way through the verse there is a change of pace all at once and the reader then sees the crowd of daffodils. Additionally the poet using two adjectives to describe the numbers of daffodils host and crowd showing that there must have been at least one hundred. This could also mean that the person being described as a cloud being accepted back into society. Wordsworth describes the daffodils as golden with illustrates the radiant colour and wealth of the memory. In the last line of the first verse Wordsworth uses personification to give the daffodils human characteristics when he uses the verbs Fluttering and dancing which are also metaphors. The verb dancing also gives the sense that the daffodils were dancing all together in rhythm. In the first verse and throughout the poem the poet uses rhyming couplets at the end of each line. Wordsworth also uses the rhyme scheme of ABABCC in each verse. Wordsworth in the second verse talks about stars and how many there were and makes a connection between them and the daffodils. The poet describes the stars, as continuous showing the reader that there are countless numbers of them. In the second line the writer uses the adjective and verb twinkle to describe the stars; there is also a connection between twinkle and golden because stars are also golden. The poet carries on to say, they stretched in a never-ending line which supports the other quotes. Most of the second verse goes on about how many stars there actually are. In the fourth line the poet says Ten thousand saw I at a glance which shows he wasnt paying attention to how many there were it also gives us the impression that the stars saw him. Wordsworth makes another connection between the daffodils and the stars because they both dance. He uses the verb tossing and the adverb sprightly to describe the way they danced. Wordsworth connects the daffodils and the stars by telling us that they both danced. Wordsworth, throughout the poem, has repeated the dancing, the daffodils and the fact that in every verse there is a mentioning of water, in the first verse it was lake in the second bay and finally in the third waves. And again in the first line of the third verse the poet repeats the fact that he saw something dance. He says the waves beside them danced, but . The mood then changes with the use of the word but, because it makes the reader expect something. After all the describing of the magical and romantic atmosphere, the reader feels pessimistic that something is going to change the whole mood of the poem. The reader then discovers that nothing terrible happens but the but was only to shame the waves, as the daffodils were more effective out-did the sparkling waves in glee. This means that the daffodils were better than waves. The atmosphere is now light and fantastic again, glee meaning merriment and cheerfulness. There is a colon in the middle of verse three indicating a pause, which continues with Wordsworth commenting on his feelings and actions. I gazed- and gazed- but little thought. The dashes slow the line down by breaking it up gradually. By doing this Wordsworth indicates the end of the description of the daffodils. There is also a metaphor in this verse, what wealth to me the show had brought. The wealth in this verse is a metaphor describing the memory, experience and emotion of seeing the daffodils. The last verse indicates that the poem was a memory or flashback. The reader knows this from the first line of the verse, For oft, when on my couch I lie. The reader knows that the memory is frequently visited because oft means often. The next line creates an empty mood, far away, drifting and dreaming. The mood and atmosphere is quite strongly put forward to the reader with vacant or in pensive mood. This means absent and dreaming, inattentive and expressionless but with a thoughtful frame of mind. Verse four has a special meaning. It is a time in Wordsworths life when he is having a look back at his experiences, which is so emotionally overwhelming to him that it has created an extremely long lasting impression in his mind. Wordsworth sums up his feelings from the experience in the last verse they flash upon that inward eye; here he is saying that the vision of the crowd of daffodils is stuck in his imagination for the rest of his life. This brings great happiness to him, which is the bliss of solitude. By using the word bliss, Wordsworth expresses his emotion of complete happiness. Solitude, meaning being alone completely with no-one near you at all, tells the reader that this experience was very personal to him and special, and only he will ever know the wonder of it even if he describes is as best as he can to others and then my heart with pleasure fills. This is a personification as there is an image of a jug being filled to the brim with pure joy. Also there is another personification in the last verse, and dances with the daffodils. It is a further personification of a lively person who dances. In this last line Wordsworth is saying that his heart is dancing with the daffodils. Daffodils do not dance, but to Wordsworth they give off life, joy and radiant beauty. The last three lines of verse four create a pure and lovely mood. In The Daffodils Wordsworth is trying to teach the reader to appreciate the beauty of nature and to understand the importance of memory. I also think that he is trying to teach the reader about how the effect of just one experience in your life can be so strong and powerful that it can be remembered as vividly as it was the day of the experience many years later. Miracle on St Davids day starts off very positively in the first verse. With the use of slow verbs the atmosphere becomes very relaxed An afternoon yellow and open-mouthed. Clarke uses the sun to describe the rest of the setting The sun treads the path. Clarke uses very descriptive adjectives to describe the setting and the trees such as the enormous oaks. But in the fourth line there is a cast of doubt to this happy place when it says, It might be as well as a warning it also adds mystery to the poem. In the last but one line of the first verse we finally find out that it is a country house with guests strolling, this sounds like the perfect fantasy for most people. But in the second verse the perfect image is shattered I am reading poetry to the insane this is a shock for the reader because it was totally unexpected. It is a very bold statement to put in to a poem. The reader finds out that the perfect country house is actually an insane asylum or a hospital. From being very positive, Miracle on St Davids day has turned into a very negative poem. The verse carries on to describe the audience sitting down listening to the poem, A beautiful chestnut -haired boy although these people are mentally ill Clarke still tries to describe them as if they were normal people. Another shock is that the child she described so perfectly was actually, a schizophrenic on a good day. Gillian Clarke describes the hospital further by saying In a cage of first March sun this statement gives you the image of a prison not a hospital. But the bars of the cage are actually only the blinds on the window but it still gives you the idea that the patients are trapped inside the hospital. The poet then describes a woman not listening, not seeing, not feeling Clarke uses the techniques of tripling and repetition of the word not to describe the womans mental state. Gillian Clarke further explains that the woman was absent meaning that she wasnt really listening just sitting there. Gillian Clarke at the end of the third verse mentions, A big mild man is tenderly led to his chair. We have know idea what is wrong with him; all we know is that he is a big, mild man this shrouds the patient in mystery because we dont know what he is going to do or say. But immediately after the man has been led to his chair Clarke reveals to us he has never spoken whilst being a patient at the hospital. Although the man seems a tough guy the reader finds out that he actually isnt he rocks gently to the rhythms of the poems. Gillian Clarke depicts herself reading to their absences, presences she uses rhyme contrast to describe the patients she is reading to. In the last line she once more describes the silence man as she did in the previous verse big, dumb labouring man as he rocks. The verb and adjective labouring portrays an image of a strong but unintelligent man. To start off the fifth verse Clarke uses the technique of sibilance, tripling and alliteration to describe the mans movements suddenly standing, silently. These three words put together are called sibilants. The man had never really been noticed before until now. Although the man hasnt done anything Gillian Clarke is still afraid of him, she says huge and mild, but I feel afraid. The poet uses similes to describe the man breaking through his silence, like slow movement of spring water. In the last line of verse five the man starts to recite The Daffodils. Clarke describes the nurses are frozen silenced and shocked by the miracle before them that the man can actually speak. Clarke describes him as hoarse but word perfect this reinforces the fact that he hadnt spoken in a long time. As he recites the poem outside we find out that there are daffodils as still as wax which is another simile. The daffodils are also shocked by the man speaking because they are frozen as well. They are also his audience. Clarke describes the numbers of daffodils and how their syllables are unspoken. In the last but one verse we find out how the man knew the poem. 40 years ago in a valleys school although it is a short poem he still remembered it after 40 years. After starting to speak again h had remembered there was a music of speech but he did use to speak and that he once had something to say. At the end of the mans poem before the applause, we observe the flowers silence. A thrush sings and the daffodils are flame. Gillian Clarke portrays a vivid and colourful image of the daffodils. She describes them as flame but the reader knows that they are actually clapping. These two poems the Daffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke are both very similar in style, content and ideas both have some mentioning of daffodils. And both have the theme of memory except theyre represented in a different way. These two poems talk about the importance of memory to a person; in Wordsworth case a man remembering a great day he had with some daffodils and in Clarke case a mental patient remembering the poem The Daffodils after 40 years without speaking. Both these poems have a lot in common with each other. But they are also connected by their style of writing.

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Project - Essay Example In reality, the importance of classroom management and discipline cannot be alike (Jones, 2011). The importance of the former is more widespread than the latter. Classroom management is managing a student, and studying in a class set up, the student's and teacher behavior and the activity. Classroom management is the way teachers organize what takes place in a classroom. It contributes directly to the effectiveness of learning and teaching as the most helpful activities can be made almost inadequate when the educator does not organize them properly. Research has proved that 92% percent of high schools, which perform well academically, incorporate proper classroom management to help them achieve. However, discipline has diverse meanings. In other words, the educator adopts certain measures and methods to deal with a student's misbehavior issues. These issues are motivation, communication, and discipline (Jones, 2011). This paper will discuss how motivation, communication, and discipli ne fit into the larger concept of classroom management. Discipline and motivation, or understanding what makes students function is one of the leading steps in forming a successful classroom. Through, figuring out their wants and needs, a teacher can utilize this to promote self-control and growth in students (Jones, 2011). Research shows that 94 % of successful classroom management happens when students are motivated to work according to the school curriculum. However, student motivation and classroom management are normally the most difficult issues for a beginning teacher to overcome. All through the teacher-student training experience, a safe environment should be established, and a widespread policy of respect be maintained. Motivating Students and learners is the key to maintaining a maximum number of students and learners engaged in learning (Jones, 2011). Making lessons realistic, modeling excitement and addressing students' concerns are vital to motivation. Every day, the d ecisions students, make rely on conscious or unconscious factors. This is motivation (Jones, 2011). This is what drives a student to act. Motivation can be determined through goals, personality, experiences, curiosity, needs, anxiety, wants expectations and self-concept. One of the leading theories in motivation and inspiration is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In the theory, Maslow argued that there are eight vital needs of a human. The largest portion of human needs is physiologically related to humans. They are the essential elements of survival for instance shelter, food, comfort and good health among others. When these needs are met, a person seeks love and belonging. This is a psychological or mental need, and the individual wants to be a part of a cluster or group. The second largest potion is the esteem requirements, which include recognition and approval (Jones, 2011). The third portion is the desire and need to understand and know, or cognitive needs. Next is an aesth etic requirement when the person looks for symmetry and beauty. In the top two sections of human needs are self-transcendence and self-actualization. Self-actualization means that an individual seeks to find his or her purpose, and self-transcendence is helping others discover their purpose. This directly associates to discipline, meaning that students or learners will behave with regards to their needs. Therefore, if educators motivate students to work along their

What does Emptiness Mean in Mahayana Buddhism Essay

What does Emptiness Mean in Mahayana Buddhism - Essay Example Mahayana Buddhists could be given the credit of giving birth to Mahayana scriptures. In the centuries after the death of Buddha, there arose a number of doctrinal of school and monastic sects. Mahayana Buddhism also teaches that the death of Buddha is a mere illusion and his spirit is still alive for human consultation. The early Mahayana sutra was taught by oral transmission and the Buddhist sect during those times were much committed to its preservance.The origin of Mahayana could be traced to the activities of the laity, a lay revolt against the arrogance and pretensions of the monks. As per (Keenan,1993,pg.48-63) â€Å"Mahayana teachings subsequently were shaped into a philosophy in the writings of Nagarjuna, a monk-scholar who lived at the beginning of the second century†Mahayana is simply, honest, true, Buddhism which has a doctrine of â€Å"emptiness† in it. Mahayana proposed the concept of â€Å"emptiness†, known as Sunyata. Sunyata means â€Å"emptiness † and it was the logical development of the earlier Buddhist concept that the human being posses an enduring soul and all the things were conditioned by pre – existing conditions. The concept of Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism emphasis on how, through the follow of Mahayana, one follows the Buddha’s path and his quality of compassion. ... (Chodron,2001,pg 36-43) â€Å"Taking the Bodhisattva vow is important because it's not only the personal vow of compassion but also it lets me keep the compassion in my mind. I will be more "good" in this way and more positive†. As per ( Sach,pg 121)â€Å" As we can see the Boddhisatva in Mahayana is different from that of arhat of Theravada Buddhism†. Mahayana Buddhism was not a single school of thought, but a religious discipline which prominently created its identity by differentiating itself from other movements within Buddhism. The Mahayana in their early stage was a monastic group who strictly followed their Buddhist principles.. A person thinking outside of Mahayana perspective may find the Mahayana as illogical. In Mahayana Buddhism emptiness is the most fundamental principle which refers to â€Å"non existence†. According to ( Soeng,2001,pg.3-12) â€Å"The interdependence of field and being is understood by the Madhayamaka tradition in a phenomenologica l way† The Emptiness as in Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism states that â€Å"emptiness† is non – being on one hand but that there is, on the other, something remaining there in which, being reality cannot be negated. Emptiness include both being and non – being both negation and affirmation.As per ( Kiyota,1991.pg.67) â€Å"Emptiness was not the monopoly of Mahayana, for it appears in earlier Buddhism, too†. First the Mahayana Vibaga expounds the relationship between the â€Å"unreal notion† and â€Å"emptiness†. Mahayana proclaims that the true core nature of being is â€Å"emptiness†. According to Mahayana’s the ultimate truth is â€Å"emptiness†. It also explains